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Biological age tests: Should you get one?

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28/08/2025
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Biological age tests: Should you get one?
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If you happen to’ve heard of billionaire Bryan Johnson, you’ve doubtless encountered the phrase “bio age testing.”

Johnson, the topic of the Netflix documentary Don’t Die, says he’s on a quest to realize the bottom potential “organic age” (also referred to as bio age).

He reportedly spends tens of millions annually on anti-aging therapies—dozens of every day dietary supplements, weekly acid peels for his pores and skin, injections to spice up collagen manufacturing, hyperbaric oxygen remedy, and plasma infusions extracted from his 17-year-old son’s physique.

To find out what’s working, Johnson has undergone quite a few checks to evaluate his bio age. Johnson says these checks present his age is now 5.1 years youthful than when he launched into his anti-aging quest.

Apparently, he’s growing old in reverse.

Granted, not everybody’s shopping for it. A New York Occasions exposé, for instance, claims Johnson’s organic age, in actuality, has elevated by 10 years.1

Nonetheless, Johnson’s “don’t die” campaign is gaining traction.

Bio age checks are a frequent subject on common podcasts by Peter Attia, Joe Rogan, and Andrew Huberman. Google “bio age testing” and also you’ll see dozens of advertisements for mail-order blood or urine testing kits that declare to disclose your organic age, tempo of growing old, and extra. With costs tumbling into affordability, it’s pure to surprise…

Must you or your shopper join bio age testing?

If that’s the case, which take a look at is finest? Simply as importantly, what do you have to do with the data?

On this story, you’ll study:

What’s your bio age?

Your organic age (bio age) refers to how your cells operate. It’s not essentially the identical as your chronological age, which refers back to the variety of candles in your birthday cake.

For instance, let’s say Chang, a 50-year-old man, works at a desk, spends his free time in entrance of the TV, lives in probably the most polluted metropolis on the earth, eats a sweet bar for lunch, and smokes. However, Jabari, a distinct 50-year-old man, hits the health club a number of occasions per week, lives within the mountains, doesn’t smoke, relishes his 5 servings of veggies a day, meditates, and spends most evenings in his backyard.

Genetics apart, you’d be smart to wager that Jabari’s bio age is youthful than Chang’s.

How do these checks measure bio age?

Bio age testing kits measure a number of organic markers of growing old, also referred to as biomarkers.

For instance, some checks give attention to the dimensions of your telomeres, the protecting caps on the ends of chromosomes. Others measure DNA methylation, a physiological course of that chemically alters DNA.

As soon as an organization isolates and measures these markers out of your blood or urine, it plugs the bio knowledge right into a method that calculates your bio age.

Nonetheless, if you happen to see a physician with any regularity, you’re doubtless already monitoring some biomarkers of growing old. For instance, biomarkers similar to blood strain, levels of cholesterol, and blood glucose may also help predict your threat of future heart problems, a number one reason for untimely dying.

What’s the purpose of biomarker testing?

Biomarker testing may also help you monitor your wellness proactively fairly than ready for illness signs to seem.

For some, it additionally serves as a motivator. If you happen to study you have got the bones of somebody 20 years older, this will provide the nudge it is advisable to begin power coaching persistently.

As well as, biomarkers present goal knowledge, permitting you to trace and consider numerous health-related actions quantitatively. By monitoring your blood strain, you would possibly study that constant train helps, however your late-afternoon vitality drink does the alternative.

5 FREE biomarker checks

You don’t must be a billionaire (or perhaps a millionaire) to trace biomarkers of growing old.

On this part, we’ll cowl a number of massively underappreciated, scientifically validated checks you need to use to achieve perception into your bio age—for FREE.

Earlier than scientists developed high-tech blood-based bio age checks, researchers used these free checks to calculate the tempo of growing old within the individuals they studied.

FREE biomarker take a look at #1: Get off the ground

People who find themselves fitter and stronger are inclined to stay longer.2

That’s as a result of muscular tissues do extra than simply transfer us round. Additionally they secrete anti-inflammatory substances, assist to control blood sugar, gradual mobile growing old, defend the liner of the arteries, and extra. All this helps cut back the chance of age-related ailments, similar to kind 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart illness, a phenomenon we discover in our article, The New Science of Muscle.

Associated to power, your capacity to steadiness can also be key. If you happen to’re middle-aged or older and may’t stand on one foot for not less than 10 seconds, your threat of dying within the subsequent seven years is double that of somebody who can stand for longer, in keeping with a research of 1,700 individuals.3

The Sitting-Rising Take a look at (SRT) is one approach to assess each power and steadiness on the similar time.

Individuals with low scores on this take a look at have the next threat of dying from heart problems, in keeping with a 12-year research of 4,200 adults between the ages of 46 and 75.4

▶ The best way to measure it

Decrease your self to the ground together with your legs in a crisscross place. Then, together with your legs in the identical place, stand again up. As you stand, discover if you happen to should use part of your physique—hand, shin, knee—as leverage.

To attain your self, begin with 10 factors. Then, for every physique half you used to face, deduct some extent. Subtract a half level if you happen to turned unsteady or misplaced your steadiness.

Understand that this (and different checks) function a proxy on your health. A low rating signifies that your steadiness and coordination, muscle power and energy, and mobility might all require some consideration.

FREE biomarker take a look at #2: Squeeze a ball

Just like the SRT take a look at, your grip power gives perception into your total health. If the muscular tissues in your palms are weak, the muscular tissues all through your physique usually tend to be weak, too.

Poor grip power also can predict future muscle weak point. In a single research, individuals with a weak grip had been extra prone to stroll slowly and be unable to rise from a chair, full rigorous house responsibilities, or climb a flight of steps 25 years later.5

Low grip power has additionally been related to:6

  • Low bone mineral density
  • Elevated threat of falls
  • Poor dietary standing
  • Despair
  • Poor sleep, cognitive operate, and/or high quality of life
  • Elevated threat of coronary heart illness, most cancers, and untimely mortality

In line with one research, grip power was a greater indicator of longevity (or lack thereof) than blood strain.7

▶ The best way to measure it

Seize a regular tennis ball, and squeeze as laborious as you may, for so long as you may.

If you happen to can handle 15 to 30 seconds earlier than your grip fatigues, you’re doing tremendous. Ninety seconds places you properly above common—something over 90 ranks you solidly within the upper-third percentile.

If you happen to’re beneath 15, remember the fact that this take a look at can also be only one indicator of your total power. (And squeezing balls to enhance grip power with out coaching the remainder of your physique is unlikely to make important enhancements in your total well being and health.)

A hand-held dynamometer—accessible to be used at most occupational therapists’ and a few gyms—also can take a look at grip power. (If you happen to’re keen to shell out some money, you should purchase your individual for someplace between $100 and $500.)

FREE biomarker take a look at #3: Stand on one foot

A capability to steadiness on one foot for an prolonged interval may also help cut back your threat of falls, one of many main causes of injury-related dying amongst older adults.

As well as, many alternative bodily methods—the eyes, interior ear, skeletal muscular tissues, and mind—should work collectively that will help you keep upright.

Circumstances like diabetes, coronary heart illness, and most cancers can all have an effect on steadiness. Because of this, an incapacity to face on one foot can function a warning signal for eroding well being and health.8

▶ The best way to measure it

Stand close to a wall or chair for security. Hold your eyes open and palms in your hips. Then, raise your dominant leg and begin timing your self. As soon as you place your foot down, cease the clock. Repeat the take a look at together with your non-dominant leg.

After getting your occasions, evaluate them to the next averages, from a research out of Duke College, to see how you probably did in comparison with your age-matched friends.9

Age Seconds on one leg (males) Seconds on one leg (females)
30-39 59 56
40-49 56 55
50-59 42 48
60-69 40 38
70-79 27 25
80+ 13 11

FREE biomarker take a look at #4: How you’re feeling

Typically you recognize why you’re drained, such because the morning after binge-watching the previous few episodes of a thriller. When you atone for your sleep, the weariness lifts.

That’s not the identical factor as fatigue, which describes persistent exhaustion that worsens over time and interferes with life. Along with feeling bodily drained, somebody who’s fatigued feels mentally boring and emotionally exhausted.

Consider fatigue as an early signal that one thing’s off, particularly if you happen to don’t know the trigger.

Let’s say you’ve already dominated out the same old suspects like an excessive amount of caffeine, dehydration, an excessive amount of alcohol, medicine uncomfortable side effects, power stress, or an excessive amount of or too little train. What’s left is probably going a sleep problem or a creating well being drawback similar to anemia, weight problems, despair, most cancers, or diabetes, to call just a few.

If you happen to’re 60 or older, fatiguability—or how worn out you’re feeling after an exercise—also can predict longevity.

In line with analysis out of the College of Pittsburgh Medical Heart, the upper somebody scores in fatiguability, the upper their threat of dying sooner or later.10 Different analysis has linked excessive fatiguability with declines in gait velocity, strolling capacity, and different checks of health.11

▶ The best way to measure it

To measure fatigability, use a software known as the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale. Utilizing a 0 (no fatigue) to five (excessive fatigue) scale, fee how fatigued you suppose you’ll really feel after finishing the next actions:

Exercise Period Rating (0 to five)
Leisurely strolling half-hour
Brisk or quick strolling 1 hour
Gentle family exercise 1 hour
Heavy gardening or yard work 1 hour
Watching tv 2 hours
Sitting quietly 1 hour
Average-to-high depth power coaching half-hour
Collaborating in a social exercise 1 hour
Internet hosting a social occasion for 60 minutes 1 hour
Excessive depth exercise half-hour
Add all scores:

If you happen to rating lower than 15, you’re doing properly. Scores between 15 and 24 are a warning signal. Something 25 and above is thought to be extreme, and price mentioning to your healthcare skilled.12

FREE biomarker take a look at #5: Physique composition

Regardless of common perception, each too little and an excessive amount of physique fats can affect well being for the more serious, as we discover in our infographic, Is body fat good or bad for you?

An excessive amount of fats raises the chance for: Too little muscle raises threat for:
Coronary heart illness Coronary heart illness
Hypertension Hypertension
Most cancers Most cancers
Fatty liver illness Stroke
Insulin resistance Insulin resistance
Kind 2 diabetes Quicker mobile growing old
Irritation Irritation
Joint misery Despair and anxiousness
Sleep apnea Falls and lack of steadiness

Your muscle mass additionally performs a task, which is why somebody’s physique composition issues greater than their weight.

The gold commonplace strategies that estimate physique composition—underwater weighing, air displacement (Bod Pod), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)—actually aren’t free.

Nonetheless, a current research decided {that a} good old school (and low cost) tape measure can present a comparably correct estimate of physique composition.13

▶ The best way to measure it

To make use of a tape measure to maintain observe of your physique fats share, measure:

  • The widest a part of your neck
  • The narrowest a part of your waist (For some individuals, this will probably be on the navel. For others, it may be barely above the navel)
  • The widest a part of your hips

Make sure the tape is comfortable however not so tight that it cuts into the pores and skin. After getting your measurements, plug these numbers—alongside together with your age, intercourse, top, and weight—into our FREE Body Fat Calculator, which can take it from there.

Physician-approved biomarker checks

Relying on the place you reside on the earth, the next checks is probably not free. Nonetheless, as a part of routine preventative care, your insurance coverage would possibly cowl them.

Physician-approved take a look at #1: Blood panel

In case your major care physician recommends yearly blood work, it’s for good motive.

By maintaining tabs on a number of blood markers, you may see in case your well being is trending towards kind 2 diabetes or coronary heart illness, each main causes of untimely mortality.

Many blood markers will also be influenced comparatively shortly (inside 6 to 12 weeks) by means of life-style adjustments, complement protocols, or drugs. This makes them sensible instruments for monitoring whether or not numerous life-style or medical modifications are working.

▶ The best way to measure it

If you happen to’re not already doing so, think about having the next blood markers examined yearly. Then, discuss to your well being care skilled about what your numbers imply. They may use the next numbers, alongside together with your blood strain, to calculate a heart problems threat rating.

Blood marker Optimum vary
Complete ldl cholesterol < 200 mg/dL*
LDL < 100 mg/dL for these with out coronary heart illness
< 70 mg/dL for these with a historical past of coronary heart assault or stroke
HDL > 60 mg/dL
Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL
Alipoprotein B (Apo B) < 133 mg/dL (males)
< 117 mg/dL (females)
Lipoprotein (a) < 30 mg/dL
C-reactive protein < 2.0 mg/L**
Fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C < 5.7%

*Milligrams per deciliter of blood
**Milligrams per liter

Physician-approved take a look at #2: Bone density

When researchers research wholesome super-agers aged 90 and older, sturdy bones are certainly one of their defining options.14

Which may be as a result of, like muscular tissues, bones are stay organs that secrete substances which may be helpful to total well being and longevity.15

For instance, bones secrete osteocalcin, a hormone that performs a task in bone transforming. When osteocalcin circulates within the physique, it’s thought to play a task in every part from serving to muscular tissues to provide ATP to regulating mind neurotransmitters.

Due to these assorted roles, it’s thought that, as bones put on away, osteocalcin ranges drop, contributing to many age-related well being issues, together with diabetes, low muscle mass, and cognitive points.16 17 (A minimum of, that’s the idea. Most of this analysis has been accomplished on mice.)

Osteocalcin apart, lack of bone density can, in fact, result in fractures, which may enhance your threat of dying for as much as 10 years after a break.18

It’s particularly essential to maintain tabs on bone well being if you happen to’re in any of those high-risk classes:

  • You’re feminine and went by means of menopause earlier than age 45.
  • You’ve been sedentary most of your grownup life.
  • You are taking drugs similar to diuretics or stomach-acid blockers, that are linked with an elevated threat of osteoporosis.
  • You might have a historical past of nicotine use or extreme alcohol consumption.
  • You might have a medical situation, similar to diabetes or thyroid illness, that raises your threat.
  • You might have a household historical past of osteoporosis.

▶ The best way to measure it

Twin-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans are a sort of X-ray that measures the quantity of bone mineral content material packed right into a sq. centimeter of bone.

Insurance coverage typically gained’t cowl these scans for individuals youthful than 65 except there’s a documented threat of creating osteoporosis. Out of pocket, the common value is about $300.

Whenever you obtain your DEXA outcomes, you’ll see a T-score that represents how your bone density compares to the common bone density of a younger grownup with peak bone mass. A T-score of +1.0 to -1.0 means you have got regular bone mineral density for somebody your age. Something beneath -1.0 means you might need osteopenia (low bone mineral density) or osteoporosis (porous bones which might be susceptible to fracture).

Business bio age checks

When you’ve got some cash to burn, you may study an terrible lot about your physique.

Right here, you’ll discover a fast run-down on among the extra high-tech checks you will get and what they will inform you.

Nonetheless, earlier than we get into the small print, we wish to level out just a few caveats:

▶ Organic age can differ over time, and by organ. Somebody might undergo a interval of accelerated growing old—saying, throughout a interval of intense stress—then their fee of growing old might gradual as they focus extra on restoration. Moreover, organs can age at totally different charges. For instance, somebody with coronary heart illness might have a comparatively older coronary heart than their kidneys. (Not all checks measure particular person organ age, however it’s turning into extra widespread.)

▶ Business checks gained’t all the time precisely replicate the adjustments you’re making. Till extra analysis helps the reliability of those checks, consider your behaviors over remoted take a look at outcomes. If you happen to’re consuming extra fruits and veggies, exercising extra persistently, managing stress, and in any other case slaying the wholesome life-style division, don’t sweat your outcomes. Give attention to doing the issues we all know enhance well being.

▶ If an organization pairs your take a look at outcomes with a tough promote for a proprietary and costly complement protocol, be cautious. It’s higher to share and focus on your outcomes with a trusted well being skilled than take well being recommendation from a profit-seeking stranger over the web.

Business take a look at #1: DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a organic course of that chemically alters DNA. As a result of the speed of methylation accelerates with growing old, it may be used to estimate somebody’s organic age and life expectancy, finds analysis.19 20 21

The Horvath Clock and DunedinPACE each measure particular biomarkers that can be utilized to raised perceive somebody’s methylation fee. Scientists developed these checks to assist different scientists research how numerous life-style components, environmental exposures, and medicines have an effect on growing old. They didn’t develop the checks as a method for the common particular person to pinpoint their organic age. (Which hasn’t stopped corporations from promoting DNA methylation testing kits to the general public.) They value about $300.

If you happen to resolve to get certainly one of these checks, take note your outcomes gained’t offer you an entire image of your well being and longevity. Growing old sometimes happens at various charges all through the physique. Your liver would possibly age quicker than your coronary heart or mind, for instance. So if you happen to measure DNA methylation in your blood, that’s all you recognize about. Put one other method, a DNA methylation take a look at isn’t an alternative to your annual wellness checkup or blood work.

Business take a look at #2: Telomere evaluation

Telomeres—the protecting caps on the ends of chromosomes—put on away with age. The size of a telomere can predict what number of occasions a particular cell can divide earlier than dying.

Abnormally brief telomeres are related to a number of genetic ailments. Because of this, when physicians suspect somebody might need inherited a genetic illness, they’ll order a particular kind of telomere take a look at—the flow-FISH take a look at—to measure the telomere size in all of the cells in a blood pattern.22 23

It’s extra debatable whether or not telomere checks can predict growing old in wholesome individuals.

Simply as importantly, the telomere take a look at marketed to the general public, referred to as the qPCR telomere take a look at, isn’t utilized in analysis or drugs. These $100 checks are tremendous if you happen to’re merely curious—simply don’t base well being and health choices in your outcomes.

Business take a look at #3: VO2 Max

For years, solely elite athletes cared about VO2 max, which describes the utmost quantity of oxygen that your physique can use throughout train.

Extra not too long ago, nonetheless, some consultants have advised that VO2 max can function a measure for athletes and non-athletes alike to trace the speed at which their our bodies are growing old.

Individuals with excessive VO2 max have a tendency not solely to be extra bodily match but in addition much less prone to develop coronary heart illness, diabetes, most cancers, or stroke.24 25 26 27

In an observational research that adopted the well being outcomes of 5,107 Danish males over 46 years, males with above-average V02 max throughout center age lived a median of 5 years longer than males with below-average V02 max. Every unit enhance in VO2 max was related to a 45-day enhance in longevity. The researchers advised VO2 max might extra precisely predict all-cause mortality than excessive ldl cholesterol, weight problems, hypertension, and insulin resistance.28

You would possibly consider V02 max as a canary and your growing old physique as a coal mine.

As you age, your chest wall turns into extra inflexible, the muscular tissues that encompass the lungs weaker, and the oxygen-carrying blood vessels calcified and fewer elastic. The guts additionally squeezes with much less power, max coronary heart fee drops, muscle mass and power decline, the mitochondria in cells and muscular tissues lose their effectiveness, amongst different variations.

Along with elevating your threat for a lot of totally different ailments, these adjustments also can have an effect on VO2 max, which tends to say no 10 p.c per decade beginning round age 30.29 30

Previously, the one approach to reliably measure VO2 max was in a health lab.

You’ll put on a metabolic masks and a coronary heart monitor whilst you ran or cycled to exhaustion. The masks collected your expired carbon dioxide and monitored how a lot oxygen you sucked into your lungs. This lab-based testing continues to be probably the most correct approach to measure V02 max in addition to different key health metrics similar to:

  • Max coronary heart fee, or the very best variety of occasions your coronary heart can beat per minute throughout train
  • Ventilatory threshold 1, or the purpose throughout train when the physique switches from primarily utilizing fats for gas to utilizing a mixture of fats and glucose or glycogen (saved glucose) for gas.
  • Ventilatory threshold 2, or the purpose the place your physique strikes away from cardio metabolism (which makes use of oxygen) to anaerobic metabolism (which doesn’t use oxygen).
  • Tidal quantity is the quantity of air inhaled or exhaled throughout every breath

Relying on the place you reside, you would possibly be capable to get your VO2 max examined for round $150.

Nonetheless, if you happen to don’t have entry to a VO2 max clinic, three considerably much less correct choices exist.

▶ The 1-mile stroll take a look at

Put on a coronary heart fee monitor as you stroll one mile on a flat floor, similar to a treadmill or working observe. As quickly as you full the mile, document your coronary heart fee and stroll time. Then, plug it into the next method to calculate your VO2 max:

132.853 — (0.0769 × Weight) — (0.3877 × Age) + (6.315 × Intercourse) — (3.2649 × Time) — (0.1565 × Coronary heart fee)

If that looks like an excessive amount of math, you may also use a free online tool.

▶ The smartwatch take a look at

Many smartwatches will estimate your VO2 Max for you based mostly on info the watch gathers out of your exercises, intercourse, and age. In comparison with in-office testing, good watches can over- or underestimate V02 max, particularly in people who find themselves very off form or extraordinarily match.31

Due to this, you don’t essentially wish to use your good watch measurement to find out your present state of well being. Nonetheless, it can enable you to to see tendencies. For instance, does your VO2 estimate drop after just a few weeks of skipping your traditional spin class? If that’s the case, that’s good info to have.

▶ The PR take a look at

Health efficiency correlates with longevity. If you happen to’re getting quicker at working a sure distance or can go an extended distance than earlier than, you’re getting fitter and rising your possibilities of residing an extended, wholesome life.

One approach to take a look at this: the 12-minute run take a look at, also referred to as the Cooper take a look at. (This can be a validated approach to estimate VO2 max—and reveals a couple of 90 p.c correlation with lab-based measurements.)

Right here’s the way it works:

Run as quick as you may on a flat floor, similar to a treadmill set at a 1 p.c incline or working observe, for 12 minutes. After 12 minutes, document your distance. Then, plug it into one of many following formulation to calculate your VO2 max.

Distance in Miles Distance in Kilometers
VO2 Max = (35.97 x distance in miles) – 11.29 (22.351 x distance in kilometers) – 11.288

In lieu of doing math, you may also use a free online calculator.

The best way to change your organic age

Attempt to consider the data you collect about your physique as simply that—info.

It’s not an ethical judgment of who you’re as an individual.

Simply as importantly, it’s not a everlasting state of affairs.

  • If you happen to’re weaker than different individuals your age, you may develop stronger.
  • In case your ldl cholesterol or blood glucose ranges are excessive, you may take steps to decrease them.
  • In case your physique is growing old quicker than your birthdays, think about exploring key life-style adjustments that will assist flip the state of affairs round.

You might have choices. Nonetheless, most individuals make two large errors in the case of longevity-related life-style adjustments.

Mistake #1: Ignoring evergreen, big-impact methods

It’s the straightforward, boring, “I’ve heard this 1,000,000 occasions earlier than” well being practices that, when accomplished persistently, add as much as an extended, wholesome life.

We’re speaking about issues like…

  • Consuming extra minimally processed meals and fewer ultra-processed meals
  • Consuming extra brightly coloured fruits and veggies
  • Shifting your physique often
  • Getting sufficient relaxation and sleep
  • Having fun with group, time in nature, and different actions that make life significant
  • Conserving alcohol consumption average
  • Not utilizing tobacco
  • Carrying sunscreen
  • Flossing

And that’s only a partial listing.

In line with 1000’s of research, individuals who apply these and different high-impact methods not solely stay longer, but in addition stay higher. They’re stronger, happier, and fewer prone to spend their later years disabled or in ache.

(If you happen to’d wish to see the place you stand in the case of large affect well being and longevity methods, try our FREE Longevity Assessment.)

Nonetheless, in the case of well being, health, and longevity, many individuals pursue choices with minimal affect (at finest). They attain for the newest, fashionable complement fairly than taking steps to stop smoking, as only one instance.

Right here’s the factor: Large rock methods require adjustments in habits. If every day bodily exercise had been as simple as popping a tablet, walkers and cyclists would clog up the streets in your neighborhood.

(It’s exactly this motive why so many individuals want the help of a certified health coach who has undergone coaching within the science of habits change.)

Mistake #2: Not turning knowledge into motion

The info gathered from biomarker growing old checks can provide you a way of management.

Nonetheless…

Knowledge, in isolation, doesn’t result in an extended life.

Gathering knowledge with out altering your habits is like checking your reflection within the mirror, seeing spinach wedged between your incisors, and leaving it there.

It’s essential to take away the spinach for the mirror examine to be worthwhile.

Biomarker testing is similar.

If you happen to don’t use your bio knowledge to tell habits change, you’re losing your time and money.

Take into account your biomarker knowledge as a baseline or place to begin.

Then, use it to evaluate whether or not numerous life-style adjustments or medical interventions are shifting you nearer to your aim of residing an extended, more healthy life.

References

Click on right here to view the data sources referenced on this article.

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2. Strasser B, Volaklis Okay, Fuchs D, Burtscher M. Role of dietary protein and muscular fitness on longevity and aging. Growing old Dis. 2018 Feb 1;9(1):119–32.

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7. Leong DP, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Avezum A Jr, Orlandini A, et al. Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet. 2015 Jul 18;386(9990):266–73.

8. Rezaei A, Bhat SG, Cheng C-H, Pignolo RJ, Lu L, Kaufman KR. Age-related changes in gait, balance, and strength parameters: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2024 Oct 23;19(10):e0310764.

9. Corridor KS, Cohen HJ, Pieper CF, Fillenbaum GG, Kraus WE, Huffman KM, et al. Physical performance across the adult life span: Correlates with age and physical activity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Apr 1;72(4):572–8.

10. Glynn NW, Gmelin T, Renner SW, Qiao YS, Boudreau RM, Feitosa MF, et al. Perceived physical fatigability predicts all-cause mortality in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022 Apr 1;77(4):837–41.

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